Hazards, Technology, Operation, and Economics for LNG

What are the Goals?

This training course covers the advanced aspects of hazards & controls, safe operation, inspection and maintenance of LNG Plant, storage facilities, loading & shipping.

This important and comprehensive course will equip the participants to:

• Appreciate the basic and advanced safety around LNG Plant
• Understand the technology, safe operations, inspection and maintenance management LNG Plant and Terminal
• Note the safe marine protocols for entry of LNG ships into port channels, docking and undocking
• Do HSE Risk Assessment for LNG Plant activities, loading and unloading operations
• Learn the Safety and Fire Protection features of an LNG facility
• Importance of safety inspection and maintenance at LNG facility
• Study the operational/HSE incidents at various LNG facility
• Train on the emergency response at LNG facility
• Learn the associated international standards for LNG
• Understand and address Insurance, Legal and Statutory Implications
• Economic considerations around global LNG scenario

Who is this Training Course for?

All personnel responsible for: 

• LNG plant, terminal, and marine safety (e.g., Operations, Inspection, maintenance and marine)
• LNG loading
• Discharging and custody transfer
• Handling LNG cargoes
• LNG plant operators
• LNG handlers
• LNG vessel owners and operators
• LNG plant safety auditors
• Surveyors and inspectors
• LNG marine superintendents

Daily Agenda

Day One: What Is LNG? Hazards. LNG Spectrum End To End. International Context. Process Safety Management of an LNG Plant 

• Assessment of delegates current LNG knowledge and understanding of LNG Plant and Terminals
• Specific LNG safety criteria and areas that need in depth coverage after assessment of delegates.
• Asking general questions related to LNG duties, this allows customizing the LNG safety training program
• Screening / Compatibility Studies of participating LNG delegates

What is LNG? Specific Safety - Hazards and Risks

• Introduction to LNG: What is LNG? LNG Characteristics.
• The whole LNG Production, Storage, Loading, Shipping, Unloading and Consuming chain
• The Gas Value Chain: From gas wells to the customers through LNG transformation.
• Major LNG Producing Locations as Samples
• Major LNG Consuming Countries
• Peak Shaving concepts with regards to LNG

Introduction to the Relevant International Standards/ Guidelines / Societies

• International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) new Edition. Synergy product.
• Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
• LNG Marine Terminal Operators Competence and Training Guide (MTOCT)
• SIGTTO (Society of International Gas Tankers and Terminal Operators)
• IMO (International Maritime Organization)
• International Gas Code
• Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS) Convention

Specific Safety - Hazards and Risks

• Process Safety management as applied to LNG Plants
• What are good Design Features of an LNG Plant
• Safety in LNG Process Design
• Historical Incidents: the need for Safety in Process Design
• LNG Plant Design Approaches: 1) Preventive/Pre-incident 2) Mitigative/Post-Incident
• Elimination of Hazards through LNG Process Design
• Major Activities of LNG Process Safety and Loss Prevention Design Engineers
• Introduction to HAZID
• Introduction to HAZOP and SIL Assessment
• Introduction to LOPA (Layer of Production Analysis)
• Introduction to Consequence Analysis/Dispersion Analysis
• Introduction to Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
• The wheel of Hazards
• LNG Security Issues

Technology: Main Units in an LNG Plant and the associated Hazards Management 

• LNG Units at glance
• Practical miscellaneous issues in various units of an LNG Plant
• Miscellaneous Items in an LNG Plant: Cryogenic Applications

Day Two: Storage of the Produced LNG.  LNG Safety and Planning

Storage of the Produced LNG

• LNG Storage: Types and Features
• Hazards Associated with LNG storage
• MSDS – LNG
• Specific properties and hazards associated with LNG
• Other Characteristics of LNG

LNG Safety and Planning

• SWP/JSA Delegate Exercise - HSE Health and Safety Workplace Practices SWP/JSA for end to end
• LNG Risk Analysis and Job Safety Analysis
• Technical characteristics of LNG
• LNG Handling, storage and spill risk
• Volatile cargo and gas vapors leak from ruptured tanks, Hoses & pipelines, causing oxygen deficiencies
• Gas Hazard Monitoring Equipment for JSA
• Adverse Weather Working – Guidelines examples for JSA
• LNG Hose construction and length
• Hose quality and identification
• The LNG ‘Golden’ Safety Rule
• Confined space entry
• Process and Mechanical isolations
• Electrical isolation
• Working at Height
• Ground disturbances
• Lifting Operations
• Driving Safety
• Management of Change in Organization, Equipment, Plant, Standards or Procedures that have a Health, Safety, Integrity and/or Environmental impact
• ‘Step back’ 5 x 5 procedures

Day Three: Loading & Shipping of LNG with Safety. Custody Transfer Protocols 

• Transfer of LNG from Storage Tanks to Loading Jetty on cold recirculation

Safe Docking/ Mooring of the Ship at the Loading Jetty

• LNG POAC (Person of Overall Advisory Control): Demands and Responsibilities
• Loading Master preparation and monitoring of moorings
• Ship guided and docked into LNG berth by Port Tugs
• Position Monitoring System (PMS)/ Dynamic Positioning/ Compatibility & OPTIMOOR
• Tension Monitoring System (TMS)
• The Loading Jetty layout. Mooring and Breasting Dolphins (Applicable to unloading jetty)
• How does Ship Storage Tank look like from inside the ship?
• Jetty Approaches: Finger or Face Terminal Design Interface for LNG discharge
• SPM (Single Point Mooring) as a special case

Safety Features at the LNG Jetty/Port

• Jetty Water Curtains and Tower Fire Water Monitors
• Fire Fighting Tugs
• Ship Hull Protection against LNG Spillage
• Working of Loading Arm: Swivel Joint
• Hydraulic QC/DC (Quick Coupling/Decoupling)
• Powered Emergency Release Coupler (PERC)

Custody Transfer Protocols/ISGOTT driven Interface Safety Management

• What is LNG custody Transfer?
• LNG Communications procedures & precautions
• Cargo Hazards, weather conditions, Personnel injury, mooring unmooring operations
• Critical Information from LNG terminal to tanker. LNG Cargo loads. Preparations & Responsibilities
• Critical LNG Information transfer from tanker to terminal. Preparations & Responsibilities
• Critical LNG Load Master discharge plan/ Types of Liquid/Gas carriers and LNG Tanks
• LNG Transfer system design and parameters Contributors to Boil off Gas
• SIRE (Ship Inspection Reporting)
• Third Party Inspection Reports,
• Critical LNG – Applicable safety codes and Charterers’ requirements
• Dry Dock Inspection Reports
• Shore Audits. Port Compliance Reports
• SSMS (Ship Safety Management System)
• TMSA (Tanker Management Self-Assessment)
• LNG Plant and Ship-shore safety checklist including
• LNG Safety procedures and recommendations for tanker and terminal personnel
• International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code
• Identify improved procedures for the handling, loading and discharging of LNG
• Understand pumps and pipeline systems including loading and discharge operations for LNG
• LNG ESD 1 and 2 - Technical comparisons and LNG Containment systems

Miscellaneous Preparations/Ongoing Checks before and during LNG Loading

• LNG In Service Inspections
• LNG Service Leak Testing
• Colour Couplings Indexes
• Operational risk profiles in LNG Bunkering
• Inspections and Audit – Rigging
• Inspections and Audit – Wire Ropes
• Inspections – Handling and Chains
• Inspection - Shackles and hardware

LNG Safety Operations

• LNG Cargo Safety Transfer checklists and forms required
• LNG Cargo Transfer Safety equipment required
• LG Cargo hazards, safety and risks that exist
• LNG Cargo controls
• Cargo training required for personnel (LNG Preparations forms)
• SIMOPS

Day Four: Emergency Safety Response and Contingency Planning – LNG

• Common causes of these incidents
• Required LNG training and preparations

LNG Hazards and Risks moving forward

• Geographical hazards
• Crew factor
• LNG Ship and shore requirements

Risk profiling of your LNG operations

What response is required?

• Safety Management Systems and Options for LNG

Case Study: Ship Spills. ESD and Releases

• Protocols and how the systems are used

Miscellaneous

• Things to do in case of an LNG emergency
• General Emergency Response Management
• Things to avoid during LNG emergencies
• Contingency equipment for LNG
• Spill and LNG leaks
• LNG SOPEP/SIMOPS use
• Fire or Structural damage due to LNG spills
• Poor weather and mooring failures
• Precautions against piracy
• Media management and communications, parties involved

LNG STS (Ship to Ship) and other Transfers. Management of Operations

• LNG and Liquid/Gas Transfer System Naval Architectures and available technologies
• LNG Ship to Ship to shore
• LNG Ship to Platform
• LNG Ship to Ship
• LNG Ship connected transfer systems and tandem configurations
• LNG System Uptime considerations of effective operations
• Meteocean conditions, prediction tools
• Organizational Skills Motivation of Operator, Ships’ Officer to cooperate LNG Liquid form measurement - Differential Flow mechanisms, design, metering and performance
• Ultrasonic Flow mechanisms, design, metering and performance
• Vortex Flow mechanisms, design, metering and performance
• Applications of flow meters, calibration, calculations, transfer principles Safety

Preparing for the future incidents – LNG Contingency planning

STS equipment and training. LNG Cryogenic Hose safety, testing and type

Salvage of an LNG vessel

• Considerations for LNG cargo recovery
• LNG Environmental impact
• LNG Technical equipment development

Day Five: LNG Customer End. LNG Technical Developments - LNG Engineers and Tech Superintendents – Wear Down, Fatigue and Failure Management Practices and Planning - LNG Fuel, STS And Bunkering 

LNG Customer End

• Safe unloading of Cargo
• Safe vaporization of LNG and Transmission to consumers
• Odorization of LNG for Domestic Consumer benefit
• Different Uses of LNG

The Inspection and Maintenance Strategy – the Safe Way!

• Overview of SMS & PMS
• Working of LNG-driven engines and fuel systems
• Discuss onboard Planned Maintenance Systems – PMS
• Discuss Trend analysis – T.A
• Analysis of Condition Monitoring technical – CME
• OEM Main Engine component failures relevant to engine performance
• Bunkering

LNG Plant and the Offshore Installation manager (OIM) Interface

• Onshore and Offshore Installation Manager [OIM] responsibilities
• Management practices
• Communications

LNG Fire and Causes – Inspection, Audits and Investigation

• The science of LNG
• Chemical and physical properties of highly-flammable fuels
• Classification of fire causes
• Chemical sources, material subject to spontaneous ignition – ships
• Materials, Cargo, Electrical heat energy
• Faulty electric circuits and equipment, replacement parts
• Fuses, exposed lights by the type
• Fixtures, motors and engine rooms leaks in fuel Systems
• Welding in burning operations and other energy sources
• Mechanical energy
• Liquids and gases
• Electrical wiring malfunctions

LNG Fire Scene - Points of Origin. The Science of Fire. Fire Investigation

• Fire investigator safety
• Fire scene hazards
• Investigation priorities upon arrival
• Science of smoke and fuel
• Determining the point of origin
• Reconstruction of fire
• Documentation, sketches, sketching systems plotting methods

LNG Economic Considerations

• Where is LNG Placed in the energy markets?
• LNG pricing
• Advantages and disadvantages of LNG as a fuel/energy source
• LNG as a panacea in the present war sensitive world where pipelines are vulnerable